The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1202 Words

Mark Twain the author of, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is known for his skills and the great talent that he has when it comes to writing a novel that criticizes society. This is done by him to create the things that go on in society which is basically done by making things look in a bad way with the use of irony and just making plain humor out of it. Things that are most obvious in the novel of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are that people criticize the media, the black people, and the biggest one is slavery. These were most pointed out by the author throughout the book. The media was an issue in the book due to the fact that Mr. Twain satirized greatly. It is very obvious when Tom and his friends decide to make a gang in which they would rob people and end up killing them. All of this is comes up to their head as an idea because they see it all throughout the books that they read which is basically their media. â€Å"We stop stages and carriages on the road, with masks on, and kill the people and take their watches and money† (Twain 8). This is an influence that the books, media all together, have on the people especially on the teenagers that try to follow the way that it is seen in the books and this causes them to also use words that they are not really familiar with, such as ransomed. â€Å"Oh that’s all very fine to say, Tom Sawyer, but how in the nation are these fellows going to be ransomed if we don’t know how to do it to them? –Show MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Bias in Abstinence-Only Education Free Essays

In addition to being an ineffective deterrent to unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, abstinence only education prevents young women from making well informed decisions about their sexuality. Cases of teen pregnancy and STD/HIV infections is on the rise despite the government allocating funds for abstinence only programs. This paper seeks to look at the government policies with regard to abstinence-only education programs and its relationship with unwanted pregnancies. We will write a custom essay sample on Bias in Abstinence-Only Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a known fact that sexual abstinence is being practiced in all countries in the world as a sure way of preventing sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. Men and women of all ages who are not ready to accept the risks that accompany sexual activity embrace abstinence which is a normal and acceptable practice. As a way of expressing love, affection and tenderness, majority resort to intercourse and sexual activity. Sex is also being used by couples to strengthen their relationships. However, it has often been argued that using sex to cement relationships can distort one’s judgment. Among women, having sex may strengthen the feeling of love but do not actually cement or deepen the relationship. Exploring sexual behavior within an environment of deep commitment where having children is considered as a possibility is always rewarding. Majority of people are however not prepared for commitment hence opt for abstinence until they develop a stable relationship. Abstinence is 100% effective in protecting an individual from sexually transmitted. However, if the majority of the population could realize its effectiveness, then we would not be having such headlines like the ones we have seen in the past of teen births being on the rise. However, abstinence is not an easy practice considering how strong sexual drives are among humans. The rate of teen births steadily declined since 1991 and this could have been because of the intensive educational campaigns that were initiated during that period. These campaigns included encouraging people to use contraceptives and condoms and enlightening people on the risks of Aids and sexually transmitted diseases. However, today statistics now show an increase by 3% in teen births the first time ever in 14 years. (Wilson, Kelly, Patricia,2005) Is it that the sex education programs that the government adopted are no longer working? The government has tried to show some effort in curbing STDs and unwanted pregnancies. The first federal abstinence-only program was enacted in 1981 and this was designed primarily to support pregnant and parenting teenagers. This came through the adolescent Family Life Act which was also passed the same year. AFLA also funded â€Å"abstinence-only† programs meant to encourage responsibility and self discipline among teenagers (Abstinence Only Programs 2008, p. 2). Abstinence-only program’s purpose was to teach the general population and especially the teenagers how they stand to gain from abstinence. It also sought to teach abstinence from pre-marital to all schooling children. The abstinence-only program was supposed to teach the values of abstinence with regard to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. According to this program, the expected standard of human sexual activity revolved around a mutually faithful monogamous relationship. However, with all these well clarified goals, current scientific research shows that this program is ineffective. A study of ‘abstinence-only-until marriages’ program inferred that the classes fail to serve its goal of delaying the onset of sexual activity the young people. An evaluation of 11 of these programs showed that they do not have a lasting positive effect on the asexual behavior of young people (Ibid 4). Instead of a positive effect on the young people they showed a negative willingness to use contraceptive because the program emphasized on contraceptive failure. It has often been reiterated that abstinence-only programs endanger the youths because adolescents are denied complete information. These programs fail to provide contraception information and in some cases, they have been accused of providing wrong information which may lead to youths forgoing contraceptive use. Teens are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases because of lack of responsible sex education. Only safer sex intervention can reduce unprotected sexual intercourse as compared to abstinence only programs. The Federal Fund for abstinence -only programs have negatively influenced schools. Avery good example involves the Gloucester High school in Massachusetts with the summer vacations beginning 17 girls at the school are expecting babies (Kathleen Kingsbury, Wednesday June 18, 2008). This proves further the failure of the program to curb pre-marital pregnancies. In order to reduce the prevalence of this at the school a local pediatrician advocated for the prescription of contraceptives. However, this has been met with hostility. Amazingly it is the desire of these teens to get pregnant and this only proves how distorted their perception towards life is. An effective sex education program should include teaching teenagers about abstinence even though it is not sufficient in itself. A complete and accurate information about reproductive health should be the core of teenage education. This should include abstinence prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and above all prevention of pregnancy. Teenagers can only make informed and appropriate decisions if they have access to reliable information about their productive health. Cases like the one at Gloucester High School can only be prevented through enlightening the students on the dangers involved in early pregnancy. Schools should be at the forefront in teaching the science behind sex and factually based reproductive health education. However, much of the sex education should be done at home and young girls should be at the core of advice into the dangers of playing with boys. They should be taught the virtues of responsibility and accountability so they may grow up with the full knowledge of the science of reproduction and its purpose. Work Cited Abstinence Only Programs, Center for Gender Studies. 2005 Kingsbury, Kathleen. Pregnancy Boom at Gloucester High. â€Å"Time†. Wednesday June 18, 2008 Wilson, Kelly L. Goodson, Patricia Pruit. â€Å"A review of 21 curricula for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs. â€Å", Journal of School Health, March 2005 Issue How to cite Bias in Abstinence-Only Education, Papers

Social Implications Of Mobile Computing Mobile Phones

Question: Describe about the Social Implications Of Mobile Computing for Mobile Phones. Answer: Introduction The technology of mobile phones is changing the way we lead our lives. The usage of mobile phones has been far ahead than just making calls or messaging people. It has now a whole new range of web applications, smart phone technology in the form of IOS and Android and broad band to offer the society so much that its impacts cannot be ignored. Experiencing digitalisation has now become very easy, just a click away. People have become so much addicted to various apps which offer variety of features such as photos, music, shopping, GPS and banking to name a few that they have started to view their mobile phones as handy computers. The social implications of mobile computing has been far-fetched in the form of work from home facilities which enables people to work as per comfort thus enabling to maintain a work life balance. The data connectivity over mobile phones no more limits the users just to access mails and thus the user base has also expanded of all internet service providers due to its relevance in the work life as well as social and personal life. Thus it is very aptly said by all eminent researchers that mobile computing has had a remarkable impact on the social life of people which are both negative as well as positive. Journal Paper 1 Research Questions Identified The paper put forward by Tom Bolitho, Benjamin Sanders and Daniel Zahra in the University of Plymouth, UK clearly shows how has the emerging mobile technology impacted the social life of the users as well as the non-users. This article clearly answers the most critical question which all have on their mind, the pros and cons of such technology. They have raised concerns about the privacy and the security issues along with the benefits that the mobile computing has on offer. The mobility of the users have increased tremendously to such an extent that there exists no barriers with regards time and location. The paper clearly identifies how mobile computing has enabled to improve social relationships as well as successful implementation of the concept of job on the wheels. The research identifies how mobile computing has enabled to increase the accountability and responsibility towards the society as a whole, multi-tasking facilities wherein the overall results are overwhelming in natur e but with some negativity attached to it (Bolitho et.al. 2010). Therefore the main focus of this paper is on the implications that this mobile computing technology has on the society. The same is adequately covered by conducting a survey which is described further. Methodology The researchers conducted an online survey wherein 106 responses were received. Its main purpose was to focus upon how the society reacts towards the technological advancement in the field of mobile phones. Survey respondent demographics are as per the figure attached below: GENDER EMPLOYMENT STATUS MALE 59.43% EMPLOYED 75.74% FEMALE 40.57% UNEMPLOYED 24.53% AGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 18-25 54.72% SECONDARY EDUCATION 4.72% 26-35 16.04% COLLEGE 19.81% 36-45 9.43% UNDERGARDUATE DEGREE 54.72% 46-55 14.15% POST GRADUATE DEGREE 20.75% 56+ 5.66% On analysing the same it is understood that around 63% of the public feel that their has been an improvement in their social life due to mobile computing. It has also been indicated that only 23% of the respondents agree to an increase in the number of friends due to the said technological advancement thus it is clear that a major chunk still believes that the mobile computing technology has not added to their friendship base significantly. But 55% of the crowd are in agreement to the fact that their social life has strengthened due to increase in the network and to impress upon the said stance, 38% respondents have said that had such a technological advancement not taken place then they would have been secluded from the social network activity going around the world (Bolitho et.al. 2010). Analysis On conducting a detailed analysis it is also concluded that people belief that such a technology has lead to maintenance of more intimate relationships than simply a general one. The most significant implication that the mobile computing has had is over the fact that the parents are now being able to easily contact with their children working or studying in various parts of the world. Text messaging, one of the features offered by the mobile phones has been viewed as a tool of faster and cheap communication but a major part of the population sample i.e. 80% felt that it ended up into various misunderstandings and thus disrupting relations (Cairncross, 1997). The ISPs are now providing high speed internet services in the form of 3G and 4G but unfortunately those using 3G are less wiling to upgrade themselves to 4G if the charges are increased. Thus one of the implications tat such mobile computing technology has had on the society is the cost. People had migrated from 2G to 3G by paying extra thus putting an impact on their monthly expenditure but now they have become too wary and hence are less willing to switch over to 4G by paying extra (Arminen, 2007). The social implications are further wandered into the field of productivity, work life balance maintenance, always on culture, privacy and security and most importantly health issues. Although mobile computing keeps a person always busy even when someone is waiting for a train or a bus to arrive yet only 31% of the crowd agree that the productivity in work has actually increased as most of the people are busy doing watsapp and browsing over facebook and twitter during free time which does not add to any work productivity. People are more busy reading messages and mails than actually working. Although it seems that the mobile computing has enabled maintenance of work life balance but if looked into the same deeply it is understood that the same has become a possible intruder in the lives of professionals which has given an open liberty to all to contact at any time of the hour. It has had manifold negative implications as well, one of which is the erosion of the thin line of difference between work and home life. 23% of the respondents have said that such an erosion of the line has lead to an increase in their work hours but only 50% of them gain more out f the same. Unfortunately the social impact of mobile computing has been mixed in this area wherein 50% are not bothered about the results and only 27% of the crowd seem to benefit out of the same. Cultures have also taken a turn due to the concept of mobile computing. The results clearly show that the mobile etiquette is what people have self learnt. Due to the same a majority of the population from the sample believe that they should be actively involved in responding to emails and messages else it will sound rude. Lastly two most crucial implications that the said mobile computing technology has had on the society are in the field of security and privacy and health issues as well. People feel that the health hazards associated with the usage of mobile phones should be advertised more aggressively and a detailed research with regards the risks attached with the said device should be done. With regards privacy and security, one third of the population sample are of the opinion that their personal and private space has been intruded but unfortunately only 26% of the respondents have clarified that they read the terms and conditions that comes with the mobile contract. The rest do not and hence it is their faults. Hardly half of the respondents have a lock code set on their mobile phones or read the terms mentioned by these social networking sites (Cook, Das, 2005). They claim that the page contains too many clauses and their friend list comprises of only known people. People have raised concerns regarding the fact that people whom they do not know also have the right to access their profile. Thus the mobile computing has impacted the social life of the people across various areas which is a matter of concern as well as has some positive implications as well. Refelection On The Paper Thus the said paper clearly states that the mobile computing has had a significant dual impact both negative and positive on the lives of all. Those trying to avoid feel excluded whereas those using the same feel intrusion of their privacy. But however the fact that the social life has improved tremendously cannot be ignored and the emergence of developing new relations confidently has also been imbibed into many It has become a social status symbol to be a part of the mobile computing technology. People had developed the feeling that mobile is the most effective and efficient method of communication which is one of the solution to many social problems (Wise, 1997). But the same should ultimately be done with full vigilance and due diligence so as to ensure that the privacy and security is not hampered and the social life balance is also maintained ethically. Journal Paper 2 Research Questions Identified The said journal article on social implications of mobile computing put forward by Scott W. Campbell and Yong Jin Park discusses about the personal nature of the mobile computing technology and its impact on the social life of people. They have defined this as simply an extended and more advanced arm of the traditional modes of communication. The research clearly answers queries with regards how the technology offered by mobile phones are different from the age old computers (Campbell Park, 2008). The mobility offered by these personal communication tools have had a stark impact over the society which is well defined in this paper. It also focuses upon the changes that the mobile computing has had over the personal life of people. Methodology The researchers have concentrated over understanding the meaning of mobile phone and other such mode of communication which is worn by the public as a methodology to conduct their research. It concentrates upon the distinction between portability and wearability which is the main distinguishing factor between a laptop and a mobile phone. Mobile phones are construed as a device which is used as a result of direct touch with our body organs and senses and hence its impact is greater. The discussion paper also pin points upon a very important factor i.e. style which has also added to the factor of social status thus impacting our lives greatly (Lobet-Maris. 2003). Thus the methodology revolves around the already established views and theories laid down by eminent scholars by drawing inferences and conclusions given prevailing social circumstances. Analysis The research analysis is clearly defined into various sections. First and foremost it defines how there has been a significant shift in the relationship between the mobile computing technology and the society as a whole and how this device is perceived as a style statement. Two main categories have been defined for the said form of communication. They are micro-coordination and hyper-coordination. The former talk about how instrumental is the said device whereas the later concentrates upon how the said device is used as a means of expressing emotions and feelings. In micro-coordination softening of the work and personal schedules is observed due to the fact that the hindrances of time and location are overcome in the mobile computing form of communication. This is defined as space of flows and timeless time very aptly. This has also ensured the characteristic of flexible communication as well. Second to this is the hyper-coordination which focuses mainly upon expressive use of the de vice (Ling, 2004). Thus it has been rightly said that the mobile computing technology has enabled society to interact individually as well as personally instantly with the help of internet on the wheels. Second section defines how the concept of mobile computing has intruded the public space in lieu of using it for personal purpose. The social networking sites have become so easy to use due to its accessibility through the mobile phones that people tend to forget the basic ethics and standards that should be maintained in public forums and post or say such things which is personal. There seems to be an issue with regards the basic line which should not be crossed but unfortunately the same is being done which is having a very stark negative impact on the society. Communicators tends to forget that people around incidentally become audiences and do get affected by unsocial remarks thus creating an unrest within the society (Castells et.al. 2007). Thirdly this culture of mobile computing has had a very noticeable impact over the young crowd of the society. It is the younger generation who tend to resort to unacceptable behaviour in lieu of procuring the best and the most stylish mobile phone with the best applications and internet service. They use this device more as an accessory than a necessity (Fortunati, 2005). They think mobile computing enables them to update the world at the earliest about the developments being taken place in their surroundings before anyone else and tend to sense a feeling of pride in doing so. Unfortunately this form has also enabled them to maintain high degree of privacy from their parents which is a matter of concern. Unfortunately the youth has started seeing this as the way to lead a good and successful life wherein they can have their own individual identity and even end up neglecting the intricate issues of life (Sugiyama, 2006). Reflection On The Paper Thus the said article has rightly been able to define the issues and how the same has impacted the social life of the people around specially the young generation. The mobile computing has not had an impact suddenly but is a gradual change which has been taking pace from decades now and finally its implications are being felt by all. It has become a part of the culture now. This paper has although analysed the basic issues and implication that the mobile computing has had over the society yet it has given a very narrow outlook. The list mentioned above is not exhaustive as it fails to comment upon various other implications such as that of peer to peer journalism and other more open societal venues such as You Tube (Katz, 2006) Conclusion On summarising the facts and figures stated in both these journals it is very clear that the mobile computing world has had a very significant impact on the society. In the first journal the writers have very well taken a sample of population and conducted research which aptly states the implications of the mobile computing in the field of maintaining work life balance, culture, youth, privacy and health issues whereas the second journal provides an overall view which is stated by the other profound scholars. Thus it does not conduct any real time analysis and talks about the discussions laid down by them in the past. The first paper shows a more realistic view of the possible implications as compared to the latter. Thus on a concluding note we can say that social implications has been manifolds and it requires self regulation as well as awareness programs to educate people that mobile phones is not the only world. Sooner or later it may happen that the world is restricted to mobile phones and technology only which may lead to loosing over the real world pictures. References Arminen, I. (2007). Review essay: Mobile communication society? Acta Sociological, vol.50, no.4 , pp. 431-437. Bolitho, T., Sanders, B., Zahra, D., (2010), The Positive and Negative Implications of Emerging Mobile Technologies, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK Campbell, S.W., Park, Y.J., (2008), Social implications of Mobile Technology : The Rise of Personal Communication Society, Sociology Compass, vol.2, no.2 , pp. 371-387 Cairncross, F. (1997). The death of distance: How the communications revolution will change our lives. Boston: Harvard Business press Castells, M, Mireia F.A., Jack L.Q., Araba S,(2007), Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Cook, D. J., Das, S. K. (2005). Smart environments: technologies, protocols, and applications, . New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Fortunati, L (2005), Mobile Phones and Fashion in Post-Modernity, Telektronikk , vol.3, no.4, pp. 3548 Katz, J.E.,(2006), Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, NJ Lobet-Maris. C, (2003), Mobile Phone Tribes: Youth and Social Identity, Mediating the Human Body: Technology, Communications and Fashion , p.p. 8792 Ling, R, (2004), The Mobile Connection: The Cell Phones Impact on Society. Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco Sugiyama, S, (2006), Fashioning the Self: Symbolic Meanings of the Mobile Phone for Youth in Japan, Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate Program in Communication, Information, and Library Sciences, Rutgers University. Wise, J.M. (1997). Exploring technology and social space. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, p.p 1-24

Proverbs Essays (482 words) - Book Of Wisdom, Septuagint, Solomon

Proverbs Chapter 1 talks about becoming wise be graceful of your teachings and be gracious you are being taught. You should be happy that you are being taught and you are getting a good education and that you will be able to become something in life because of this education that you are fortunately receiving. Also it says that only idiots despise wisdom and instruction. Which I think is very good to know because it is dumb to just throw away knowledge and wisdom even instruction. Chapter 2 I think that this chapter is basically telling us the things that could happen to you if you do not accept wisdom and the things that will happen if you listen to the lords word and the lord can strike fear unto thee soul. Chapter 3 I believe that this chapter is basically telling us that we shall not let things come upon us that are not god sort of like the first commandment, which is no other gods before him. You shall always love him and worship him and not another being. Never disobey his correction to you because he is thy one who is right and you are thy one who is wrong. His judgment is always absolute and you shalt never disgrace it in any way of life and being or something like that. Chapter 4 This Chapter talks of listening and respecting the lord's teaching and do not regret not being able to understand what you have been taught by the almighty lord. Do not decline the words that escape his mouth for they are for understanding and learning. Wisdom is the main thing in life. You shall exalt her and be one with her by giving thee a crown of love and life. He has taught thee in the way of wisdom so you shall not overcome the strength of his teachings and readings. You shall not be tempted by the evil and go the way in evil men but fight for the thing wisdom has given thee. Chapter 16 Devote yourself to thee lord and you shall be forsaken with love and gifts. The lord has made all things for purposes including the evil in this land. When a man's ways please the lord then the lord shall make his enemies forgive him. The king loves righteous lips and he loves when the lips speak of truth and life. To become upright to go on the highway of righteousness you shall totally depart from evil. Better it is to be of a humble spirit with the lowly, than to divide the spoil with the proud. He will always give you instruction so that you may do the right thing as long as you devote your worship to him. He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that rules his spirit than he that taketh a city. Religion Essays

Theories of Child Maltreatment essays

Theories of Child Maltreatment essays The conceptions of how child maltreatment originates and is maintained as an enduring and destructive social phenomenon have been debated in theory and research for many years. The conception of child abuse, though it has changed over time has been irreconcilably changed by psychology and more specifically psychological theory. Probably the two most altering of theories, as they are applied to child maltreatment and its perpetuation are ecology theory and social learning theory. The basic tenants of ecology theory as it is applied to child maltreatment is four levels of ecology can be used to explain why some parents maltreat their children: the ontogeny or basic development of the perpetrator, the family, community and society in which he or she was embedded. (Belsky, 1980, pp.320-335) Social learning theory proposes that child maltreatment is an aspect of observational learning, where children observe aggressive behaviors and such behaviors become an unconscious drive to future be havior. (Bandura, 1973, p. 27) Both theories to some degree attest that childhood observation and treatment determine future actions and that adults who were maltreated as children will be more likely than other adults to maltreat children in their own care. This work will explore these two seminal theories as they apply to child maltreatment. The work will first develop a concept of how each theory applies to the origins and maintenance of child maltreatment. It will then go on to discuss each theory in critical analysis, an in application to child maltreatment. A comparison and contrast of the two theories will follow and to close the work will provide a summary of empirical evidence that supports or detracts from each theory, as it applies to child maltreatment. Origins and Maintenance of Child Maltreatment The concepts of child maltreatment ebb and flow with the political social and cultural tide, as definitions of what is acceptable and what...

Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Example for Free

Analysis of ‘Lady in Black’ by Francis Cadell Essay Francis Campbell Boileau Cadell, associated with the Scottish colourists was born in Edinburgh in 1883 and by the age of 16 was studying at the Academie Julian in Paris. During his career he was very much influenced by the Fauvists such as Matisse and on his return to Scotland exhibited much of his own work in Edinburgh Glasgow and London. He died in poverty at the age of 54 after the economic climate made it difficult for him to sell any of his work. He painted landscapes (mainly those of Lona which were a favourite of his), interiors, still life and figures in oil and watercolour but is known most for his portraits of glamorous women. One such portrait, completed in 1921, is ‘Lady in Black’ painted in oil. The painting has a rather macabre mood as the woman within the picture has a reflective expression on her face as if longing for the past. There is a mirror behind her, which may also add to the idea of reflection. She is dressed in black, which adds to the morbid mood as it could indicate she is mourning the death of a loved one. Her body language also expresses sadness as her posture is quite slumped, and the small flowers seen behind her could have been meant for a grave. The shadow over her eyes caused by her large hat makes them look undefined and blurry, giving them a sad, depressed look. The painting itself is also very dark as there is very little light and the colours used are very dull and grey, adding to the dreary mood. The media is used very loosely, in an almost impressionistic manner, which may have sprung from Cadell being exposed to the work of the Impressionists who were active in Paris at the time he was being educated there. He uses strokes of bold colour such as the woman’s lips, the flowers in the background and the pink furniture reflected in the mirror. These strong reds and pinks could symbolise love or passion, which adds emphasis to the woman’s lost love. This piece was more or less typical of the Scottish Colourist movement, but also contains undertones of impressionism as not much line is used; instead different colours are layered on top of each other, as the impressionists were known to do. It is a very realistic piece with a well-expressed dreary, nostalgic mood. Analysis of ‘Lady in Black’ by Francis Cadell. (2017, Nov 11).

Art Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Appreciation - Essay Example It had a gabled roof, which was over 100 feet at the centre. The atrium of Old St. Peter's Basilica was known as the "Garden of Paradise." It had five doors leading inside the church. The atrium was added in the 6th Century. ("Old Saint Peter's Basilica," Wikipedia 2007) The nave ended with an arch holding a mosaic of Constantine and Saint Peter. The walls had 11 windows and were decorated with frescoes. The Basilica contained the tomb of St. Peter in the apse of the church. The most significant architectural element was the 'transept,' which marked the cross axis to the nave. "The cross axes of the nave and transept allowed for the concentration of attention on the tomb of Peter." ("The Romanization of Christianity," 2007) The Hagia Sophia, built as the new cathedral of Constantinople by Emperor Justinian in 532 to 537 A.D., is supposed to realise the "ideal" Byzantine model. ("Hagia Sophia," Great Buildings Online 2007) "It combined a longitudinal basilica and a centralised building, with a huge main dome supported on pendentives, and semi domes on either side." ("Hagia Sophia," 2003) This was the first instance of the use of pendentives, which "enable the round dome to transition gracefully into the square shape of piers below." ("Hagia Sophia," Wikipedia 2007) The building itself measures 102 feet by 265 feet along its main floor. The central space is a 100 feet square, which is extended to 200 feet by adding two "hemicycles" covered by semi domed "exedras" to the east and west of it. These are extended further with three minor apses eastward and two to the west. The main dome is 102 feet in diameter, and 184 feet high. It contains a corona of 40 arched windows, which reflects light into the interior of the nave. "Flanking the nave on the north and south are side aisles, with galleries over them." ("Hagia Sophia," 2003) Their massive vaults are carried at both levels by monolithic columns, thus receiving the weight of the dome and its arches. The Dome of the Rock This is the earliest architectural monument of Islam. It was constructed to cover the Noble Rock, in 691-2 A.D. in the old city of Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock is octagonal shaped. It consists of a Dome which is 20m 20cm in diameter and its height is 20m 48cm. The dome rises to a height of 35 meters over the Noble Rock. The Noble Rock is surrounded by inner circular and outer octagonal arcades. Each side of the octagon has a door and 7 windows. ("Dome of the Rock," Islamic Architecture Org 2007) Common Structural Elements The Old St. Peters Basilica and The Dome of the Rock are, both, built in the shape of a Byzantine "Martyria." A martyrium is used for the housing and veneration of saintly relics. ("Byzantine Architecture," Wikipedia 2007) In the former case, it is the tomb of St. Peter, and in the latter the Noble Rock, venerated by Christian, Jews, and Muslims alike. The church of Hagia Sophia and the Old St. Peters Basilica, both follow the basic Roman architectural design of a longitudinal basilica. But, a central or circular type of structure is also found in the Hagia Sophia, and it is very similar to the domed circular structure of the Dome of the Rock. The windows on the main dome of the Dome of t

Analyze whether a dollar depreciation will improve the U.S. current Essay

Analyze whether a dollar depreciation will improve the U.S. current account deficit - Essay Example In other words, a nation is said to have a trade deficit if it is imports more than it exports. Such a situation will make  a country a net debtor to the rest of the world. However, in some cases current account deficit may not necessarily a bad thing for the developing countries. Current account deficits will encourage the developing countries to increase its local productivity which will be useful for that country in the long run. According to the statistics available for 2004-2005, U.S. holdings of foreign assets are around $ 8 trillion whereas foreign holdings of U.S. assets are around $ 10.7 trillion (Blanchard, n. d.p.6). In other words, United States is a debtor to foreign countries. The situation became worst in recent times because of the global financial crisis and the subsequent dipping US economy. The exchange value of U.S. dollar is a major parameter in increasing or decreasing the current account deficit of United States. When the exchange rates of US dollar increases , the current account deficits will also increase and when the exchange rates of U.S. dollar decreases, the current account deficits will also decreases. In other words, current account rates and the value of the dollar have direct relationships. This paper analyses the US dollar depreciation and its effects on America’s current account deficits. ... â€Å"The substantial depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the currencies of most industrial countries since early 2002 is presumably a manifestation of diminishing relative enthusiasm for U.S. dollar investments, at least where market forces operate without significant official involvement† (Mussa, 2007,p.4). Depreciation of dollar will discourage developed countries from investing in US dollars. Earlier, most of the foreign organizations invested heavily in US dollars because of the perception that US economy will never be destroyed and the dollar value will never be decreased. However, the recent recession and the subsequent financial crisis happened in United States have forced others to change their opinion. Thus dollar started to depreciate against most of the industrial country currencies and the effective foreign exchange value of the dollar has been reduced considerably over the last few years. Effective dollar depreciation, together with the relative strengthening of growth in other countries, has stabilized the U.S. external deficit when measured in real volume terms since late 2004; and the fourth quarter of 2006 will probably see a significant decline in this measure of the real payments deficit. The current account deficit as a share of GDP may also show a modest decline next year, especially if world oil prices remain below their average 2006 level (Mussa, 2007, p.4) â€Å"A depreciation of the U.S. dollar not only increases the dollar value of U.S. assets denominated in foreign currencies, but it also reduces the foreign currency value of U.S. liabilities, which are, essentially, all denominated in U.S. dollars† (International Financial Integration and the Current Account Balance, 2006, p.2). The

Women in 19th century Boston Essay Example for Free

Women in 19th century Boston Essay This was a very clever move and shows how much he cares for himself and how he has tried to prevent himself being caught. He thinks that Gerta would get thrown out of the house which most women would do because they would feel that they have lost their pride. If she had the baby she would be sent back to Sweden which women did in 19th century Boston. Also if she wanted a divorce even thought she was innocent she would lose all her possession as the law would be against her. Thats how difficult it was for women in Boston. Gilman blames Mr.Marroner not Gerta as everyone would. Mr. Marroner knew all the consequences and had still done his dirty actions. Also he has hurt three people, his wife, Gerta and the baby Gilman writes a very dramatic quote which is this is the sin of man against woman it is very effective because it basically describes what the whole story is about. Gilman also uses a time shift which continues to the future as Mr. Marroner arrives from his important business. By the usage of flash backs it gives the reader an interesting insight on what Mrs.Marroner and Gerta are going through while he was at business. When Mr. Marroner arrived away on to his disbeliefs he realized that his wife has secretly left him which makes us think where Gerta is? After Mr. Marroner has done this unbelievable horror it makes the reader think that he still loves his wife because after months he hired private detectives and when anyone asked him about his wife he would say that she has gone abroad for health. He just couldnt bear to tell anybody the truth. He even wouldnt want to end up in the newspapers as he is a big business man. As he hired the detectives they fond the location of where his wife was living. When he went to meet her he found out that she had changed to her maiden name, Marion. And there she was holding her baby as a bulwark and Marion turned and said to him, what have you to say to us? Gilman leaves an open ending which the reader could think about what is going to happen and I as the reader think that she might take him back because she had the guts to talk to her husband after cheating on her. Also shows that Gerta is are protecting her baby for not seeing the future dad as he will be known as a CHEAT. But if I was in Marions position I would just chase him out of the house and not even talk to him. Gilman clever uses certain techniques that make the reader very interested. Theses techniques such as, flash backs creates a dramatic impact on the reader as it keeps them thinking on what is going to happen next.

Trade in the Aztec Civilization :: essays research papers

Trade in the Aztec Civilization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While reading the Trade in the Aztec Civilization, I learned a great deal of new and old business ethics. I saw the differences between today’s business and before business and how we have evolved from it. One of the first things I noticed was the different social classes. Just like in today’s society there were the rich, the middle class, and the poor. The pipiltin’s and mayeques considered themselves the common people. They were the first ones to engage in guilds. On the other hand we had the pochteca who thought of themselves as the more great importance of the social classes. They had what you would call a world of their own in my opinion. They had there own religion, their own economic code, and legal system. Each group came from a different part of the Mexican land, anywhere from El Salvador, to Nicaragua to the Gulf of Mexico. Each group had there own individuality, but came together to share their knowledge in the buying, selling and t rading of goods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were two forms of law that existed in the Aztec community, common law and written law up until around 1325. After that they declared a king what was other wise known to them as a tlatoani. This chief was in charge of the administration of justice, a chief of the army, a head priest, and a royal treasure. They took on those responsibilities with this statement in mind, â€Å"what is desirable, what is right† and they were to rule by that order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for the political structure the initiation of a legal system was motivated by the fact that they needed a principal role in the religious, economic, and military fields. In having a legal system they were able to distinguish the right from the wrong. Rules and regulations were fixed, the different forms of contracts were deleted, and justice was administered to the markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is stated in the chapter that there were sixty-nine different categories of traders. They all had different goods to trade, but no matter where you came from you went by scale, loans, contracts, and also used a money system called coachtili. Business was negotiated many different ways, but within each trader, buyer and selling, they knew the international language of business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I talked about earlier pipiltin’ formed the guilds. Each guild has its own people from there own town.

Physics, Energy

Romar M. Cabinta EXERCISES 15 WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. Is work done when you move a book from the top of the desk to the floor? Why? Yes. It is because the displacement of the book from the top of the desk to the floor and the force that is applied to the book is parallel with one another. 2. State the law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy in two ways? The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. TMEinitial=TMEfinal 3. Explain the basic ideas that govern the design and operation of a roller coaster.A roller coaster is operated and designed through the application of Physics. The law of Conservation of Energy governs the changes in a coaster's speed and height. Simply put, the higher an object is off the ground, the more potential energy it has – that is, potential to gain speed as it falls. As it falls toward the ground, that potential e nergy changes to kinetic energy, or energy of motion. The sum of the two types of energy is constant, but a roller coaster must maintain an adequate balance of potential and kinetic energies to deliver a thrilling ride. . An inefficient machine is said to â€Å"waste energy†. Does this mean that energy is actually lost? Explain. Energy is never lost. An inefficient machine wastes energy by converting it to an unproductive state. A machine, such as a motor car engine has the primary task of converting the energy in the fuel to motion of the car. It is unproductive because a large proportion of the fuel's chemical energy is dissipated in the form of noise, heat, vibration etc. so that only a small proportion is actually used for its prime purpose. 5.Is it possible for a simple machine to multiply both force and speed at the same time? Why? It is impossible for a simple machine to multiply both force and gain speed at the same time. It is because the gain in speed of a machine i s the result of an exertion of a lot more force and therefore do not take place at the same time. One best example is a bicycle crossing a steep hill requires a greater force to be exerted to be able to gain speed. B. PROBLEMS 1. Starting from rest, 5-kg slides 2. 5 m down a rough 30 ° incline. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the incline is 0. . Determine the work done by (a) the force of gravity; (b) the friction between the block and incline; (c) the normal force; and (d) the net force on the block. W=5kg9. 8kgs2 W=49 N a. ) W=Fd W=Wsin30 °(2. 5m) W=49sin30 °(2. 5m) W=61. 25 J b. ) W=-Fd W=-? kNd W=-(0. 4)(42. 44N)(2. 5m) W=-42,44 J c. ) W=0 Normal force does not exert work because it is perpendiuclar with the displacement. d. ) WT=49Nsin30 °2. 5m-0. 442. 44N2. 5m+0 WT=18. 81 J 2. Car A has twice the mass of car B, but only half as much kinetic energy.When both cars increase their speed by 5m/s, then they have the same kinetic energy. What were t he original speeds of the two cars? CAR A CAR B mass=2mB mass=mB KEA=12KEB KEB =KEB VA=5ms VB =5ms VA=2KEAmA KEA=KEB VA=2(12KEB)2mB 12mAv=12mBv 2122mB5=12mB5 VA=KEB2mB 10mB4=5mB2 VB=KEBmB 5mB2=5mB2 3. A 400-g bead slides on a curved frictionless wire, starting from rest at point A. Find the speed of the bead at point B and point C. 400g? 1kg1000g=0. 4 kg PEA=mgh PEA=(0. 4 kg)(9. 8)(5m) PEA=19. 6 J PEB=(0. 4)(9. 8)(0) PEB=0 J KEA=12mv2=120. 4kg02=0 J TME=PEA+KEA=19. 6 J+0 J=19. 6 J KEB=TME-PEB=19. 6-0=19. 6 J KEB=12mvB2 19. 6 J=120. 4 kgVB2 VB=39. 2 J0. 4 lg=9. 90 m/s PEC=mgh=(0. 4)(9. 8ms22m=7. 84 J KEC=TME-PEC=19. 6 J-7. 84 J=11. 76 J KEC=12mv2C 11. 76=120. 4kg) (v2C Vc=23. 2 J0. 4 kg=76. 67 m/s 4. A tandem (two-person) bicycle team must overcome a force of 34 lbs. to maintain a speed of 30 ft. /s. Find the power required per rider, assuming they contribute equally. Express your answer in horsepower. F=34 lb F1=17 lb=F2 P1=F1v=17 lb30fts=510 ftlbs? 1hp550 ftlbs=0. 93 hp P2=F1v=17 lb30fts=510 ftlbs? 1hp550 ftlbs=0. 93 hp 5. A pump is required to lift 200 L of water per minute from a well 10 m deep and eject it with a speed of 20m/s. (a) How much work is done per minute in lifting the water? (b) How much in giving its kinetic energy? What horsepower engine is needed if it is 80% efficient? a. ) W=mgh+12mv2=200kg? 0m? 9. 81kgm2+12? 200kg? 20ms2=59620Js=993. 67J/min b. ) W=12mv2=12200kg20ms2=40000 J c. ) HP=59620js? 0. 8? 746js=99. 899 hp EXERCISES 16 LINEAR MOMENTUM A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. Which has greater momentum, a ten wheeler truck at rest or a moving motorcycle? Why? A moving motorcycle has a greater momentum than the truck. A truck at rest has zero momentum because an object has to be moving in order to have a momentum. 2. How does impulse differ from force? Impulse is the product of force and the time interval of the application of force; while force is just a factor that affects an object’s impulse when it is at motion. 3.Why is it incorrect to say that impulse equals momentum? It is not right to say that impulse is equal to momentum because impulse is the measure of the change in momentum and therefore an object with constant and non-changing momentum has zero impulse. 4. What is the function of seatbelts and airbags in automobile? The function of seatbelts and airbags in an automobile is to increase the time of a force to reach its destination, which results to a lesser impact of objects that can collide to a passenger and therefore will have a higher chance for his/her life to be saved. 5. Distinguish between an elastic collision and inelastic collision.In elastic collision, the momentum and the kinetic energy are conserved; and its coefficient of restitution is equal to one. However in inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is not conserved and the coefficient of restitution is zero. B. PROBLEMS 1. A 10,000-kg truck has a speed of 100 km/h? (a) what is its momentum? What speed must a 5,000-kg truck attain in order to have (b) the same momentum? (c) the same kinetic energy? a. ) P=mv=10000 kg27. 78ms=2. 78? 105kg? m/s b. ) P=mv 2. 78? 105kg? ms5000kg=5000 kgv5000 kg v=55. 6 m/s c. ) KE=12mv2 KE=121000027. 782 KE=3. 86? 106J KE=12mv2 3. 86? 106J=125000kgv2 v=7. 72? 106J500kg v=39. 29 m/s . A car is stopped for a traffic signal. When the light turns green, the car accelerates, increasing its speed from 0 to 60 km/h in 0. 8 s. What are the magnitudes of the linear impulse and the average total force experienced by a 70-kg passenger in the car during the time the car accelerates? J=m? v J=(70 kg)(16. 67ms) J=1166. 9 kg? m/s J=Ft=Jt F=1166. 9 kg? ms0. 8s=1458. 63 N 3. A 5-g object moving to the right at 20cm/s makes elastic head on collision with a 10-g object that is initially at rest. Find (a) the velocity of each object after the collision and (b) the fraction of the initial kinetic energy transferred to the 10-g object.PT=PT' mAvA+mBvB=mAvA'+mBvB' 5g20cms+10g0=5g-vA'+(10g)(vB') 100=-5vA+10vB' 20=-vA+2vB' 20=-vB+20 +2vB' vB'=0 cm/s e=(vB'-vA')/(vA-vB) 1=(vB'-vA')/(20 cm/s-0cm/s) 20=vB'-vA' vA'=vB'-20 vA'=0-20 vA'=-20 cm/s 4. After a completely inelastic collision between two objects of equal mass m, each having initial speed v, the two move off together with speed v/3. What was the angle between their initial directions? P1x + P2x = Pfx = Pf,  P1y+P2x = 0. 2mv cos? = 2mv/3, cos? = 1/3, ? = 70. 5o. The angle between their initial directions is 2? =141  ° 5. A stone whose mass is 100 g rest on a frictionless horizontal surface.A bullet of mass 2. 5 g, travelling horizontally at 400 m/s, strikes the stone and rebounds horizontally at night angles to its original direction with a speed of 300 m/s. (a) Compute the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the stone after it is struck. (b) Is the collision perfectly elastic? a. ) Assume that the bullet is traveling in the positive x-direction and that the stone has components of  velocity  vx and vy after the collision . Equating momentum before and after in these directions. 0. 0025 kg x 400ms=0. 1 kg vx vx = 10 m/s 0. 1 vy= 0. 0025 x 300 vy = 7. 5 m/s Magnitude of velocity = v(102+7. ) = 10. 37 m/s Angle =tan-1(vy/vx) = 36. 87 deg to the x-axis b. ) No. EXERCISES 16 LINEAR MOMENTUM A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. What is Hooke’s Law? Hooke's law  of  elasticity  is an approximation that states that the extension of a spring is in direct proportion with the  load  applied to it. Many materials obey this law as long as the load does not exceed the material's  elastic limit. Materials for which Hooke's law is a useful approximation are known as  linear-elastic  or â€Å"Hookean† materials. Hookean materials are a necessarily broad term that may include the work of muscular layers of the heart.Hooke's law in simple terms says that  stress  is  directly proportional  to  strain. Mathematically, Hooke's law states that 2. When is a material said to be elastic? A mate rial is called elastic if the deformation produced in the body is completely recovered after the removal the load. For ideally elastic materials, a single valued (linear) and time independent relation exists between the forces and the deformations. Although it is hard to find an ideally elastic material, i. e. , A Hookean solid, most of the materials can be considered elastic at least for a specific range. 3.Which is more elastic, a rubber band or spiral steel spring? Why? Spiral steel spring is more elastic than rubber band because it has greater elastic limit and ultimate strength than a rubber band because it has greater elastic limit and ultimate strength than a rubber. 4. What is the difference between the elastic limit of a material and its ultimate strength? Why are these concepts of special importance to construction engineers? Elastic limit is the maximum stress that can be applied to a material without being permanently deformed while ultimate strength is the stress requir ed to cause actual fracture to a material.These concepts are important to construction engineers because it gives them the idea of what materials are perfect for the construction and those that are fragile. 5. Which is more compressible, alcohol or water? Why? Alcohol. It is because alcohol has higher compressibility and accepts a greater pressure than on water. B. PROBLEMS 1. A nylon rope used by mountaineers elongates . 5 m under the weight of an 80-kg climber. (a) If the rope is 50 m in length and 9 mm in diameter, what is the Young’s Modulus for this material? (b) If Polson’s ratio for nylon is 0. , find the change in diameter under this stress. a) y=F? LoA? L y=(784N)(50m)Pi4. 5Ãâ€"10-32(1. 5 m) y=4. 11Ãâ€"108 Pa b) ? tto=- LL0 ?t=- LtoLo=-0. 21. 59Ãâ€"10-3m50m=-5. 4? 10^-5 2. The elastic limit of steel elevator cable is 2. 75Ãâ€"108 N/m2 Find the maximum upward acceleration that can be given a 900-kg elevator when supported by a cable whose cross-section is 3 cm2, if the stress is not to exceed ? of the elastic limit. Maximum stress allowed:14(2. 75? 108=6. 875? 104 Pa Force force this stress=stress ? area=6. 875? 104 x0. 0003=20. 625 N=Fup Fup=mg+ma 20. 625=900(9. 81)+900(a) a=13. 11 m s-2 . The deepest pint in the ocean is the Mariana trench, about11 km deep. The pressure at this depth is huge, about 1. 13? 108 Pa. (a) Calculate the change in volume of 1000 L of seawater carried from the surface to this deepest point in the Pacific Ocean. (b) The density of seawater at the surface is 1. 025g/cm3. Find its density at the bottom. 4. If the shear stress in steel exceeds 4Ãâ€"108 N/m2, the steel ruptures. Determine the shearing force necessary to (a) shear a steal bolt 1. 0 cm in diameter and (b) punch a 1. 0-cm diameter hole in steel plate 5mm thick. a. ) FA= 4x108Nm2= F/R2 = F/*0. 1m2 F = 125663. 706143592N b. ) FA= 4x108Nm2= F/2RT= F/2*0. 005 m*0. 005m F = 63,000 N 5. In the figure below, 103 kg uniform log hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both of diameters 2. 4 mm. initially, wire A was 2. 5 m long and 2. 0 mm shorter than wire B. The log is now horizontal. a) What are the tensions in wires A and b? Since the log is not moving: FA + FB –mg = 0 Since the log is horizontal: LA + DLA = LB + DLB = LA + l + DLB, DLA = DLB + l, where l = 2 mm is the original difference in lengths between A and B. Which gives: b) What is the ratio of distance a and b?

Herman Melville’s’ Moby Dick

IntroductionMoby Dick has secured the author’s reputation in the first rank of all American writers. Firstly, the novel was published in the expurgated form and was called The Whale. It was published in 1851 (Bryant 37). â€Å"Moby Dick† is an encyclopedia of the American romanticism. Here there are thousands of private observations, concerning the developments of the American bourgeois democracy and the American public consciousness. These observations were made by writers and poets, the predecessors of Melville. Here we can see the united protest of the American romantic idea against bourgeois and capitalistic progress in its national American forms.Meaning of cannibalismIn the present paper we will discuss the meaning of cannibalism in the novel (Delbanco 26). The famous citation of the chapter 65 contains deep sense that deserves thorough analysis: â€Å"Cannibals? who is not a cannibal? I tell you it will be more tolerable for the Fejee that salted down a lean mis sionary in his cellar against a coming famine; it will be more tolerable for that provident Fejee, I say, in the day of judgment, than for thee, civilized and enlightened gourmand, who nailest geese to the ground and feastest on their bloated livers in thy pate-de-foie-gras† (Melville 242).  Moby dick is also educational and true, because Romanticism believed that fiction had to be the only vehicle to describe the history of the past.The intention was to make the story interesting (Bryant 14). To understand the original meaning of cannibalism in the  novel it is important to establish principles which Melville has built the narration on. The attitude towards cannibals is described better in the story â€Å"Typee†. The connection with this story helps us understand the meaning of the abovementioned citation from â€Å"Moby Dick†.   Pictures of savages’ life drawn by writer bear all features of â€Å"an ideal life â€Å". Melville admired the life of the tribe, but we can’t but notice, however, that he was not going to offer the reader a happy life of savages as the sample for imitation. The poetic pictures drawn by the writer have another meaning. They are created for comparison with contemporary bourgeois civilization (Delbanco 26).According to Melville, Bourgeois civilization, in the kind it existed at the beginning of XIX century, had no future. â€Å"Ideality† of savages in has two aspects: natural and public (Bryant 37). In natural aspect the savage is ideal because it is fine, and it is fine because has kept the features of the physical shape lost by the civilized person (Bryant 15).Melville adhered the same principle when he spoke about â€Å"ideality† of cannibals’ social existence. A savage does not have property, and it does not know what money is. It is relieved by that of two harms of a civilization. They cannot have a desire to act in defiance of truth and validity (Bryant 15). There is no stimulus for that. The savage is not spoiled by a civilization, but it has the defects: cannibalism and heathenism. However, what do they mean in comparison with more severe, realized crimes of the civilized person?In Moby Dick Melville is rather laconic describing savages life elements, but narrates in detail about the bourgeois state and the legislation, police, crimes against society, about power of money, about religious prosecutions, noxious influence of the society on a person – all that precedes eschatological accidents (i.e. infringement of the right and morals, conflicts, the crimes of people demanding punishment of gods) (Bryant 36).Melville does not dismiss cannibalism, backwardness of intelligence and public consciousness, primitiveness of a life and many other negative phenomena in a life of â€Å"happy† savages. Speaking about some wild or even brutal customs of savages, he finds parallels in a life of a civilized society: cannibalism is a devil art w hich we find out in the invention of every possible retaliatory machines; retaliatory wars are poverty and destructions; the most furious animal in the word is the white civilized person (Delbanco 25).Symbolism as a trait of romanticism in the novelIt is not the only symbolic trait in the Moby Dick. For example, all crew members are given descriptive, biblical-sounding names and Melville avoids the exact time of all events and very details. It is the evidence of allegorical mode. It is necessary to mention the mix of pragmatism and idealism (Bryant 14).For example, Ahab desires to pursue the whale and Starbuck desires to arrange a normal commercial ship dealing with whaling business. Moby Dick can be considered as the symbolical example of good and evil (Delbanco 25). Moby Dick is like a metaphor for â€Å"elements of life that are out of people’s control†. The Pequod’s desire to kill the white whale is allegorical, because the whale represents the main life goa ls of Ahab. What is more important is that Ahab’s revenge against Moby is analogous to people’s struggling against the fate (Bryant 14).ConclusionIn conclusion it is necessary to admit that Melville thought people needed to have something to reach for in their life and the desirable goal might destroy the life of a person. Moby Dick is a real obsession which affected the life of ship crew (Bryant 37). Thus, the  system of images in â€Å"Moby Dick† makes us understand the basic ideas of the novel of Melville. Eschatological accidents often are preceded with infringement of the right and morals, conflicts and crimes of people, and the world perishes from fire, flood, cold, heat, famine. We can see this in the novel  «Moby Dick† which shows a life of the American society of the beginning of XIX century (Delbanco 15).Works citedLevine, Robert S., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Del banco, Andrew. Melville: His World and Work. New York: Knopf, 2005Melville, Herman: Redburn, White-Jacket, Moby-Dick (G. Thomas Tanselle, ed.) (Library of America, 1983)Bryant, John, ed. A Companion to Melville Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986 Bryant, John. Melville and Repose: The Rhetoric of Humor in the American Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001

36 Adjectives Describing Light

36 Adjectives Describing Light 36 Adjectives Describing Light 36 Adjectives Describing Light By Mark Nichol A bright constellation of adjectives referring to various qualities of light, or other phenomena related to light, is brought to light in the list below. Quite a few of them, from lucent to lustrous (and even illuminating), stem from the Latin word lucere, meaning â€Å"to shine,† while many others begin with the consonant gl-, betraying their descent from a proto-Germanic word with the same meaning. 1. Aureate: brilliantly golden; also, grandiloquent 2. Blinding: so bright as to obscure vision 3. Coruscating: flashing, or sparkling; also, brilliant or showy 4. Crepuscular: dim, or resembling twilight; also, said of animals active during twilight 5. Dappled: marked by spotted or patchy light; also, marks of this kind on a surface 6. Fluorescent: giving off light produced by another source of illumination 7. Glancing: intermittently flashing or gleaming 8. Gleaming: shining, radiant 9. Glimmering: faintly or unsteadily shining 10. Glinting: see gleaming; also, appearing briefly, or glancing briefly 11. Glistening: see lustrous 12. Glistering: see glittering 13. Glittering: flashing or sparkling; also brilliantly and/or superficially attractive or appealing 14. Glossy: bright on the surface; also, artificially opulent or sophisticated 15. Illuminating: bright or shining; also, highlighted or made clear 16. Incandescent: warm, glowing 17. Iridescent: rainbow colored 18. Lucent: bright, clear, or shining 19. Lucid: see lucent; also, easy to understand 20. Lucifugal: shunning light, as in the case of nocturnal animals 21. Lucifugous: see lucifugal 22. Luminescent: shining by chemical or physiological means 23. Luminous: full of light 24. Lustrous: smooth, evenly lit; also, brilliant or eminent 25. Opaque: blocking light; also, obtuse, or difficult to understand 26. Opalescent: see iridescent 27. Penumbral: partially shaded 28. Phosphorescent: continuing to glow after removal of a light source 29. Prismatic: brilliant, or resembling colors formed by passing light through a prism 30. Radiant: glowing, or radiating light 31. Resplendent: brilliant or glowing 32. Scintillating: sparking, or sparkling; also, brilliant, as said of personality 33. Shimmering: soft or wavering light or reflection 34. Spangling: see glittering 35. Spectral: made by a range of colors of the spectrum; also, ghostly 36. Translucent: diffused, or transparent Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

International aspects of business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International aspects of business law - Essay Example There are three categories of corruption cases, which can be political, personal or commercial in nature, but the basic difference lies in the office, authority and position, which are neglected, and intent of manipulations. Further there is political corruption, which may include bribery, use of governmental offices for private enrichment and changing of how decisions are made by public bodies (Heidenheimer, Johnston and Le Vine 1989). On the other hand, bribery is an act of corruption that entails obtaining money or any form of monetary gain, or the making of payments illegally through abuse of public or commercial office and funds. This payment does not necessarily involve the exchange of money, but can also be through gifts, special favours or influence and despite the form it takes, corruption is always a transaction that goes in two ways involving two parties that is the briber and the one who receives the bribe. In relation to the case study Mullet Inc. though incorporated in US intends to secure a contract to supply computers to Central Bank of Acacia, however it is faced with the challenge of contravening international business laws on corruption and bribery by giving the board of directors a celebratory dinner for it to secure the contract. The payment of this dinner is a form of bribery to the board members by the negotiating team for them to accept to continue and finalize the business contract. This paper will seek to advise the Mullet Inc. negotiating team of their legal liabilities by giving in to the Chairman of the Acacia bank demands under US FCPA in comparison to the UK Bribery Act. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act This Act of 1977 outlaws American corporations from making any payment deemed as bribery or inducements to overseas representatives with the intent of winning or keeping business (U.S. Department of Commerce 2004). This statute was enacted to put a stop to the act of bribing officials from foreign countries as well as restori ng the confidence of the American investor in the integrity of the American business system and, has been amended twice in 1988 and in 1998 with the changing dynamics in businesses (Rutchfield and Lacey 2000). The U.K. Bribery Act 2010 Studies by independent audit firms such as Ernst & Young and Confronting Corruption show that firms and businesses in the United Kingdom have been making tremendous losses due to corruption and bribery. These are termed as barriers to growth and trade and overseas corruption makes it even harder and expensive do businesses abroad. The United Kingdom government has therefore strengthened its laws by enacting the Bribery Act 2010 that came into operation on July 1, 2011 creating a number of offences relating to corruption in international businesses. This law outlawed the bribing of a foreign official, giving, or promising an advantage when dealing with international business transactions (De Jonge 2011, p. 136). The U.K. Bribery Act 2010 also created a n offence of acceptance, demanding, or assenting to receive an advantage or benefit or failing to stop a bribe from being paid on behalf of a firm or a company. Case Study Analysis of the Celebratory Dinner Request under UK Bribery Act and FCPA Public/private sector The FCPA prohibits giving of bribery only to foreign public officials; on the other

Healthcare organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare organization - Essay Example According to ISMP survey on non punitive culture, results of the prevailing environment are stunning. Awareness on system-based reasons of error is increasing. Organizations still need to tackle accountability of related staff in a non punitive culture. The survey points out the need to whole-heartily adopt the culture on all platforms, particularly front-line staff who may not be as conscious as doctors, nurses, and other Para-medical staff about the main principles of non-punitive culture. Deming’s Total Quality Management (TQM) principles hold the key to follow the processes that adhere to the principles of TQM. Non punitive culture necessarily points towards a paradigm change from individuals to processes; processes need to be foolproof so that there is no scope for any individual to commit errors. Here, it would be logical to quote the case analysis (Lagasse 1995) of quality of preoperative care by statistical process control and its adverse results. Out of 116 anesthetics errors, 9 were human errors and 107 were system errors. It definitely shows that the major deciding factor is the system, which should be robust enough to be measured. The big question arises – Is health care an ethical organization? Safety audits are held very often in health care organizations. Take for example the audits in neonatal unit (L Lee 2008). It is a must in clinical governance. It helps health care organizations to get high turnover and closing loopholes. Such audits help in better and efficient practice. Audit helps in maintaining standards as in the case of NHS. Regularity in conducting safety audits ensures that they are effective. It involves making of checklists for all known error-prone activities. Any of the checklist is selected and the process is followed to any point so that relevant staff performs an instant review of the ongoing work to the end number of the

The Others In The Israeli Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Others In The Israeli Cinema - Essay Example Women and Arabs are generally marginalized in the old and traditional Israeli films. Since 1948, the Israeli cinema has been for the most part nationalistic and characterized by ethnic rhetoric depicting the Jewish superiority over the Arab nationalists. The cinema found itself in the employ of the Zionist movement in achieving its aim to put the Jewish community and the Zionist ideals as the priorities for every Jew. Here, it became difficult for any effort to position women at the center socially and professionally and in the case of the Arabs, to treat them besides inferiors or tools in serving the Israeli agenda in themes of war and conflict. This film narrated how the Israelis are superior to their Arab counterpart through the use of comparative portrayals of women in their respective societies. Here, the Israeli pioneer women were shown to have preferred and sacrificed their beauty and comfortable lives in Europe to establish a Jewish state while an Arab woman, in Jezebel-like clothes rejected any suggestion of her abandoning her hedonistic life and wasted her time drinking and listening to music in the pioneer’s tent. The Arab woman’s portrayal would also underscore the Israeli cinema’s general perspective of women as reflected by the negative metaphors – as a barren creature or licentious figure who belonged to the desert. Later on, the female â€Å"other† would emerge as a pure mother, taking the roles of kindergarten teachers, child caregivers and so forth, who symbolized fertility.

Organisational Structure and Design Analyses McDonald's PowerPoint Presentation

Organisational Structure and Design Analyses McDonald's - PowerPoint Presentation Example McDonald's focus on being better, not just bigger, has delivered even better restaurant experiences to the customers and superior value to shareholders. This approach has also helped its vision is to be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. "Being better" translates into greater business volume and also better margin for its operational activities. Mc Donald's is among the best known fast food restaurants around the world. In 1955, Ray Kroc opened the first franchised McDonald's restaurant in Chicago. From Chicago, McDonald has expanded to many countries around the world. One of the most stunning achievements of McDonalds is its ability to maintain its world class food quality and efficient service time across all stores. These offerings have helped McDonalds' to retain the high brand value of its stores. In 1971, the first McDonald's restaurant opened in Australia and presently there are 761 restaurants in Australia. Social Responsibility Report 2007 mentioned that there are 31000 McDonald's restaurants in 119countries. McDonald's Australia Limited is an unlisted Australian public company. It is a franchise business with above two thirds of the restaurants run by franchisees in Australia and the remainders are operated by company staff. There are about 75,000 people employed by McDonald's and its franchisees in restaurants and management offices across Australia. Slide 3 The functional structure adopted in McDonald's in Australia is a perfect fit for the scale it operates in. Large organisations require a high degree of specialization for smooth functioning(Donaldson, L. 1997, p.78). In addition, the functional structure allows employees to contribute in particular areas of expertise, transfer specialized knowledge, and benefit from economies of scale in utilizing manufacturing equipment. This set up also aids standardization that in turn helps reduce duplication and variations in systems and procedures (Giancola 2007, p.4). Besides, managers seek to protect their core activities from external influences through buffering. With bridging, managers attempt to manage their environments through various forms of negotiation, co-operation, exchange of information and other forms of reciprocity This kind of structure has created a situation of mutual involvement by the employees into the various activities or decisions of McDonalds'. Employees also get the chance to transfer his/her knowledge from one store to another. These are the encouraging factors for the employees which will ultimately increase the level of job satisfaction. Slide 4 Strength The company has wide presence in many of the countries in the world; this has helped the company to achieve benefits of economies of scale. Because McDonalds' can easily divest from one particular country where the sales are underperforming and invest into better prospective market. Due to wide diversification and presence over decades, the company has accumulated huge sum of cash reserve into its balance sheet. High brand value and effective operations also helped the compan

Rise and Failure of Monetarism in the 1980s

Rise and Failure of Monetarism in the 1980s Expand and Explain the Rise and Failure of Monetarism during the 1980s Monetarism, as an economic and political policy in the United Kingdom, (Hereafter UK) can be seen to have come to the fore in the late 1970s with the election of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party. The government’s brief experimentation with the concept was arguably over by 1982. However, the rise and failure of monetarism cannot be explained fully by analysis of the 1980s alone. It is necessary to consider the historical precursors to the elevation of monetarism as a key economic and political policy. A vital component in understanding this is the demise of Keynesianism as a desirable economic policy. Furthermore, we need to discuss to what extent monetarism it can be said to have failed completely. In addition to this the discussion herein will analyse the relevance of using macroeconomic terms to understand political, economic and historical issues. The essay will conclude that the rise of monetarism came about due to the nature of the global economy and that the study of monetarism is useful as it reflects not only the political complexion of the nation state but the wider global influences. Finally, the essay will concur with Bradford De Long’s theory that monetarism, a failure as a complete experiment, still retains an influence on modern economic thinking. Before embarking upon a discussion of the rise and demise of monetarism it is necessary to establish what is meant by the term. Monetarism is defined as ‘a system of controlling a countrys economy by limiting how much money is in use at a particular time’ (Cambridge Dictionary 2004, online). Monetarism, as promoted by Milton Friedman[1], focuses upon price stability, in contrast to Keynesian economics that place the greater emphasis on the rigidity of currency value. While the 1980s provide the main focus of debate the growth of the theory’s popularity can be traced to the 1950s. It is therefore necessary to briefly establish the precursors to the 1980s to comprehend the rise and fall of the monetarist system. Macroeconomic models, such as monetarism, can be an important tool in understanding history, economics and politics. During the late 1970s macroeconomic models were important not only in understanding economics but also because modellers were close to policy-makers. The economic modellers had an important influence on the events at the time and offer another way of understanding the historic and political significance of the early 1980s (Wren-Lewis 1995, p. 204). The benefits of such an approach is that one can move away from analyses dependent on concepts of national politics, concepts such as Thatcherism: Approaches which look at the recomposition of the British state during the 1980s in terms of ‘Thatcherism’ fail to conceptualise the global relations of exploitation in and through which the British state subsists (Bonefeld 1993, pp. 252-3). In contrast, the study of economic policy, in this case monetarism, cannot be divorced from the global political and economic issues of the time. It is important to this discussion that a wide view is taken to reflect the various impacts and influences on politics and economics. Such an approach is one adopted by many academic writers on the subject. For example Saad-Filho and Johnstone’s collected work on neo-liberalism includes a discussion of monetarism (Saad-Filho and Johnstone 2004) while economic, political and historical journals all contain reference to the political and economic changes of the period. Thus, monetarism as a concept allows us to deal with a number of combined elements simultaneously. Without the relevant social, political and economic environment an economic policy, like monetarism, would not have been able to take a foothold and assume dominance over Keynesian modes of thinking. However, such difficulties were apparent at the time. Economic planners were faced with difficulties that Keynesianism did not appear able to address. The problem faced by economic planners is most clearly illustrated by the growth of inflation. In the period between the end of the Korean War and the beginning of the 1970s, the inflation rate in the United Kingdom never rose above the 5% annual figure. However, this figure rose to 17%, then 27% and back to around 15% in 1974, 1975 and 1976 respectively (Kenway 1994, p. 124). Indeed, the world economy had become strained even by the late 1960s. As Harold Wilson took office in October 1964 at the head of the Labour Party, the Prime Minister was embarking upon a period of economic upheaval. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, James Callaghan, sought to replenish Britain’s gold reserves, cut wages and improve exports of British goods. Hindered by industrial unrest he and his successor, Roy Jenkins, failed to control rising wages. This example is symptomatic economic difficulties that led to elevation of monetarism as a way of improving the economy. By the mid-1970s ‘Keynesianism appeared to be a spent force’ (Bonefeld 1995, p. 35). Not only was this the case but in contrast monetarism was on the ascendancy, as David Smith has summarised: For monetarists, and in particular British monetarists, the early 1970s were what the Great Depression had been for Keynes and his followers. Existing ideas about economic policy had been dealt a savage blow by actual events (Smith 1991, p. 45). One of these actual events was the move away from the Bretton Woods system.[2] This was a reaction to the economic difficulties that increasingly resulted in the disengagement of labour from capital. Monetarist policies sought to re-associate the relationship between the market and labour. As part of this process, advocates of monetarist policy sought to greater exploit the labour force, lower their wages and cut expenditure upon public services. Monetarism was designed to make market freedom the deciding factor in regulating the economy rather than maintaining labour at an artificial level. Its appeal was such that monetarism was being accepted as a viable economic school of thought in all western countries by the mid-1970s. Central to the philosophy of monetarism, as Bonefeld points out, was the abolition of employment guarantees as a pre-condition for economic recovery (Bonefeld 1995, p. 36). Power over the economy would be taken back from organised labour and the free market would regulate the relationship between money and the workforce. As part of this trade unions became undesirable and any false elevation of the role of labour, through artificial levels of employment and high wages, had to be addressed. Monetarism, therefore, with its emphasis on the strict relationship between money and exploitation of labour, appeared to offer a solution to the problem of people and governments spending ‘beyond their means’. In essence, monetarism offered ‘a capitalism of ‘value for money’’ with Labour subjugated to the same level as any other factor of production (Bonefeld 1995, p. 45). Monetarism’s appeal would not have been effective without apparent difficulties in the dominant economic theory of the time, Keynesianism. In part, the predominant Keynesian philosophy was undermined by the overly-confident position of its proponents. They failed to consider the threat to their dominant model and the serious competition posed by monetarism. However, this was in direct contrast to the reality of the economic landscape. In this respect the star of Keynesianism was on the descent in the eyes of many people: The old Keynesianism lost its hold within economics, not because economists ceased to believe in the importance of unemployment, but rather because they ceased to believe the Keynesian account of how those variables were determined and, in particular, the means by which the government could influence them. The transformation from Keynesianism to Monetarism required, therefore, a transformation of views about how the economy worked. (Kenway 1994, p. 10). The transition of views referred to by Kenway started to materialise with a growing appreciation for the monetarist system in some circles. On the academic front the cause of monetarists in the UK was boosted as Harry Johnson was appointed Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics (Hereafter LSE). His influence spanned the Atlantic from Chicago to London and he became a key academic proponent of monetarism. This position was bolstered as Johnson formed the driving force behind the Money Study Group at LSE, which was a forum for monetary theory and policy. The Money Study Group provided the respectable face of monetarism and highlighted the growing body of academic in favour of it. Academic support alone could not account for the elevation of monetarism over Keynesian philosophies. The House of Commons and the role of policy-makers were, of course, necessary for the successful implementation of any economic policy. Johnson and other economists, with the help of Conservative MP Richard Body, produced a pamphlet entitled A Memorial to the Prime Minister. The document was signed by eight leading monetarists and had the support in the House of Commons of forty Conservative MPs. The producers of the pamphlet, who called themselves the ‘Economic Radicals’, attacked the policy of Edward Heath’s government, but with little effect on his political position or outlook. Despite the ‘Economic Radicals’ making another public appeal in 1974 a second miner’s strike brought about two general elections and a Labour government. This was a failure for the Conservative Party but it ultimately pushed the party towards the Right and towards Ma rgaret Thatcher, a key proponent of monetarist doctrine. In the public sphere monetarism also began to attract some influential backing. David Smith has also demonstrated that monetarism began to find some powerful allies in the newspaper world of Fleet Street. Samuel Brittan, economic commentator for the Financial Times and Peter Jay, economic editor for The Times, both favoured monetarist economic philosophy. Eventually this favouritism evolved to open advocacy for monetarism and, as Smith argues, they were soon joined by others (Smith 1991, p. 52). Such support would have no doubt been invaluable for bolstering the attractiveness of monetarism. It put the debate into the public arena, allowing people to become involved or at least aid understanding of the debates in question. Furthermore, the influence would have had a reassuring effect on the City, a key ingredient in the success of any economic policy. Monetarism, therefore, was not an unknown ideal in 1979 when Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party swept into office. On the contrary, as had been discussed above, the Conservative Party had in some part been pushed to the Right of the political spectrum because of economic issues. However, it was not necessarily such a clear break from previous policy as one might assume. Instead one agrees with Bonefeld’s view that 1979 brought continuity as well as change: [T]he shift from Labour to Conservative government in 1979 comprises a complex of discontinuous and continuous elements. In the 1970s, there was an integration of monetarist policies with Keynesian forms of class collaboration; the incoming Thatcher government continued, in a more radical fashion, monetarist economic policies in a monetarist framework (Bonefeld 1993, p. 251). Bonefeld is careful to assert that the Thatcher government’s approach to economic policy, while more radical, was not revolutionary. As with the study of history it is vital to understand the continuity as well as the changes in society. With this in mind it is easy to see why Bonefeld was clear, as discussed earlier, in condemning those who viewed the period in Thatcherism. Not only were they ignoring the wider global ramifications, but also by studying Thatcherism specifically one is tending to ignore the continuity and place over-emphasis on change. As the Conservatives came to power they did so with a determination to beat high inflation rates in the United Kingdom. Their position had been weakened partially by previous national wage rises. This was in contrast to the ‘tight money’ principles of monetarism. Thus, while attempting to curb inflation the levels actually rose to 22% by May 1980 (Pugh 1990, p. 347). Thatcher’s government sought to adhere more firmly to the monetarist principles as a way of tackling monetarism. A key component of this was Geoffrey Howe’s budget of 1981 which is ‘generally taken to be the most dramatic demonstration of the fact that Keynesianism was no more’ (Smith 1991, p. 105). But there was some ambiguity about the aims and methods of monetarist policy as Pugh highlights: Though professed for many years by marginal figures in the economics profession, monetarism remained an unproved theory; and it was not clear what exactly constituted the money supply. For some years Chancellors of the Exchequer kept changing their definition in an effort to apply the theory in the real world (Pugh 1990, p. 347). Thus the concept of monetarism was a difficult one to grasp and the theory was harder to implement under real economic conditions. Yet, despite this there was some evidence to suggest that by 1981 the Conservative’s policy of monetarism was beginning to yield some positive results in the fight against inflation. But this came at a cost. The 1981 budget had introduced strict monetarist policies because although inflation had fallen in 1981 it had done so because the economy was in economic depression. Howe therefore set about implementing some heavy-handed deflationary measures. His budget brought with it large tax increases, a reduction in borrowing by the public sector which fell from  £13.5 billion to  £10.5 billion (Pugh 1990, p. 347). The fear was that this would lead to high unemployment. Mrs Thatcher could have been politically challenged at this point. A number of politicians disagreed with her stance and had they resigned they may have forced her hand. However, failure to do so emboldened Thatcher who embarked on a period of strengthening her position. She rid herself of the so-called ‘wets’ in her party, the likes of St John Stevas, Gilmour, Pym and Prior, while simultaneously promoting these close and loyal to her such as Norman Tebbit, Nigel Lawson and Cecil Parkinson. However, while the monetarist policy failed to halt Thatcher politically the economic consequences were widespread. Britain was set for the worse economic depression for fifty years, with unemployment reaching 2.7 million. The Conservatives continued to claim their policy was intended to aid the country in the long-term. Between 1983 and 1988 Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Lawson, pointed to some economic growth as proof of the success of Conservative monetarist policies. Indeed, as Pugh points out, the Conservatives could rightly point to decreased union militancy as evidence of their success in redressing the imbalance between money and labour influence. However, as Pugh also suggests, this had as much to do with the high rates of unemployment as it did of any successful government policy (Pugh 1990, p. 348). Thatcher’s monetarist policies allowed the manufacturing industry to fall into decline. Although the period saw some expansion of service industry this was by no means enough to make up for the losses in industry. Furthermore, it sometimes exacerbated other issues. For example, as the service sector grew and demanded more use of computers the balance of trade deficit was increased as more computers were imported. Britain’s lack of a strong export sector heightened the economic decline and to protect the pound from currency speculation high interest rates were introduced. Not all of these difficulties were clearly evident at the time, for Nigel Lawson was claiming a mini-boom in the mid-1980s. The Conservatives won elections in 1983 and 1987 despite high unemployment rates. In this respect the monetarist principle of getting people to accept unemployment and move away from notions of guaranteed employment appeared to be working. However, what expansion there was came at the expense of mounting personal debt. Martin Pugh has shown how private debt per household rose between 1980 and 1989 from  £16 billion to  £47 billion. In the same period borrowing on mortgages shot up from  £43 billion to  £235 billion (Pugh 1990, p. 350). Lawson did not learn from previous mistakes either. The high rises in personal debt did fuel a consumer boom. Consumer booms in turn generate a feel good factor in society however it is unsustainable because of the levels of debt incurred. Furthermore, with the decline in manufacturing the demand for consumer goods had to be satiated by importing items, thus further expanding the trade deficit to new heights. Lawson then exacerbated the situation to an even greater extent. He continued to fuel the consumer boom but the economy turned down once more. Despite his protestations that this was only a temporary problem the fact remained that a second depression had been brought into effect. As Pugh explains this had substantial political repercussion: Monetarism had long since been abandoned as unworkable, so that the government had no weapons at its disposal except for the highly destructive use of interest rates which, at 13 per cent, severely handicapped industry. The appearance of a second depression with the decade undermined all the claims made for Mrs Thatcher’s radical economic strategy†¦ After twelve years in power Mrs Thatcher was to leave office with the economy demonstrably weaker than when she first took over (Pugh 1990, p. 351) There is no question of economics influencing the downfall of the Conservative Party and more specifically Mrs Thatcher. The cause and effects of depression appeared to be obvious signs of a failed policy in monetarism. However, debate continues to surround the point at which it is fair to say that monetarism itself failed or was superseded by newer economic thinking. Furthermore, it should also be considered whether or not monetarism ever failed entirely of if the policy has continued in some form. Thatcher had come to power as the world trade recession was worsening and the combination of these two economic factors was damaging as social historian Arthur Marwick explains: In this context the Government’s determination to adhere strictly to the principles of monetarism and to ruthlessly curtail public spending had very serious repercussions. Unemployment in 1979 had eased to 5.7%. In 1980-1 it took off astronomically and by the end of 1982 had more than doubled, with a rate of 13.4 per cent, and a highest-ever number of people out of work 3,190,621 (Marwick 1990, pp. 271-2). On these figures alone it would appear that monetarism was an ill-suited remedy to the economic difficulties. However, the Conservative government was implementing standard monetarist principles. They sought to lower taxation in an effort to reward greater free market enterprise. In direct opposition to socialist principles as much financial choice as possible was to be left with the individual. The state should, under these circumstances, take a back seat. Part of this deregulation took the form of attempting to limit the power of trade unions and channelling money into small businesses. Monetarism went hand-in-hand with de-industrialisation. Debate and uncertainty remains over whether monetarism can be said to have failed by 1982. Despite the debatable end of Keynesianism in 1981, arguably monetarism in its simple form did not last past 1982. The 1980-2 economic crisis meant policy-makers responded with Keynesian deficit demand management. In 1982, at a time when Mexico almost defaulted, the March 1982 UK budget appeared, to some people, to present another watershed in economic planning: To some commentators, March 1982 represented the end of the monetarist experiment. That was premature. But it was the start of the official process of unwinding the policy (Smith 1991, p. 106). It was premature because the flirtation with monetarist principles did not end entirely. After the 1982 budget some improvements in the economy were visible. For example, inflation fell; modest recovery was noticeable although unemployment remained high. But as politics began playing into the economic equation Howe sought to woo the electorate with economic incentives in the run-up to a 1983 election. By initiating a consumer boom before the election the economic cycle had returned to one of boom and bust. It is true that the Conservatives did not manage to adhere strictly to their own spending limits and therefore appeared to be undermining their monetarist economic roots. However, Marwick argues the reality is not as clear cut as this: But the very definite restrictions on expenditure in certain areas, the whole concept of ‘level funding’, that is to say funding that did not automatically make adjustments for inflation or pay settlements (as had been the general principle in the ‘consensus’ period), and the ready resort to high interest rates, continued to give government policy a distinct monetarist flavour (Marwick 1990, p.312). It is perhaps therefore wrong to discard the concept of monetarism post-1982. As Howe moved to the Foreign Office to be replaced by Nigel Lawson the UK saw a brief return to rigid adherence to monetarism. If viewed in light of Marwick’s comments this should not be seen as surprising for the monetarist undertones were still prevalent. Thus, alternatively Smith proposes that the January 1985 Sterling crisis marked the changeover point from pragmatic monetarism to pragmatism (Smith 1991, p. 123). Arguably then we can trace the rise and demise of monetarist policy and conclude, as Smith does, that a clear watershed was reached. However, an alternative discussion is purported by Bradford De Long who suggests that the New Keynesian ideas that appeared to supersede monetarism in fact actually contain many of the same elements, under a different name (Bradford De Long 2000, p. 84): We may not all be Keynesians now, but the influence of monetarism on how we all think about macroeconomics today ahs been deep, persuasive, and subtle (Bradford De Long 2000, p. 85). In this respect it may be incorrect to study the rise and failure of monetarism as a policy. This may be particularly incorrect if one talks only of the monetarist experiment and specifically 1979 to the early-to-mid 1980s. Monetarism did not begin in 1979 with Thatcher’s government and an analysis of it in terms of Thatcherism ignores too many other economic, global and political variables. In much the same way, if we adopt Bradford De Long’s conclusions it may be incorrect to talk of the failure of monetarism. However, as Pugh’s argument suggests it seems to be during Thatcher’s time that monetarism came to the fore of public knowledge. Arguably the peak of monetarism’s influence came in this period of the short experiment. However, the rise and fall of monetarism must take into account the wider implications outlined above to provide a more complete understanding. Furthermore, while its most public experimentation may have occurred in the 1980s t his does not preclude its existence and therefore its importance in either the period before or the period after. Bibliography Online Sources Cambridge Dictionary Online, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=51549dict=CALD, (Accessed 12th June 2005). Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism, (Accessed 11th June 2005). Articles Bonefeld, Werner ‘Monetarism and Crisis’, in Bonefeld, Werner and Holloway, John (eds), Global Capital, National State and the Politics of Money, (London 1995, pp. 35-68). Bradford De Long, J, ‘The Triumph of Monetarism?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter 2000, pp. 83-94). Wren-Lewis, Simon, ‘Review. From Keynesianism to Monetarism: The Evolution of UK Macroeconomic Models’, The Elconomic Journal, Vol. 104, No. 428 (January 1995, pp. 203-5). Books Bonefeld, Werner, The Recomposition of the British State during the 1980s, (Aldershot: 1993). Kenway, Peter, From Keynesianism to Monetarism. The Evolution of UK Macroeconomic Models, (London: 1994). Marwick, Arthur, British Society since 1945, (London: 1990). Pugh, Martin, State and Society. A Social and Political History of Britain 1870-1997, (London: 1999) Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnstone, Deborah (eds), Neoliberalism. A Critical Reader, London: 2004). Smith, David, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism. The Theory and Politics of an Economic Experiment, (London: 1991). 1 [1] Milton Friedman was an American economist known for his promotion of laissez-faire capitalism. For a biography of the man consult the Wikipedia online encyclopaedia at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman. [2] The scheme is described thus: ‘The Bretton Woods system regulated the international deficit financing of demand on the world market on the basis of an inflationary supply of dollars to the rest of the world’ (Bonefeld 1995, p. 35). Bretton Woods was so named after the New Hampshire village where it was devised in 1944.